This new tool provides a global and optimal approach to multiple sequence alignment scoring by offering an easy graphic interface and a series of modification options that help in interpreting alignments and allow conservation pattern inferences to be performed. By combining many database managing tools for treatment of protein sequences, a ClustalW software integration, a flexible symbols treatment and gap normalization functions, Entropy Calculator software has been developed. A number of modifications have been proposed since that time, but the core statistical approach is still considered one of the best. The Surprise Calculator estimates relative entropy and Surprise between two samples, assuming they are Gaussian. Claude Shannon's theory of communication (1948) paved the way for a consistent scoring of protein alignments by considering the residue (or symbol) frequency. Many scoring methods have been proposed during the last three decades. A quantitative score for the conservation in the alignment allows different stages of an alignment to be compared and consequently the alignment information to be efficiently exploited. Most family characteristics, such as the localization of functional residues, structural constraints and evolutionary relationships may be retrieved through the observation of the conservation pattern highlighted by the alignments. You may also find the following Physics calculators useful.Amino acid sequence alignment is an extremely useful tool in protein family analysis. 13.10 - Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics.13.8 - Molar Specific Heats and Degrees of Freedom.13.7 - Pressure, Temperature and RMS Speed.This allows you to learn about Thermodynamics and test your knowledge of Physics by answering the test questions on Thermodynamics. At the end of each Thermodynamics tutorial you will find Thermodynamics revision questions with a hidden answer that reveals when clicked. Each Thermodynamics tutorial includes detailed Thermodynamics formula and example of how to calculate and resolve specific Thermodynamics questions and problems. The following Physics tutorials are provided within the Thermodynamics section of our Free Physics Tutorials. Thermodynamics Physics Tutorials associated with the Entropy Calculator Please provide a rating, it takes seconds and helps us to keep this resource free for all to use We believe everyone should have free access to Physics educational material, by sharing you help us reach all Physics students and those interested in Physics across the globe. This allows us to allocate future resource and keep these Physics calculators and educational material free for all to use across the globe. We hope you found the Entropy Calculator useful with your Physics revision, if you did, we kindly request that you rate this Physics calculator and, if you have time, share to your favourite social network. You can then email or print this entropy calculation as required for later use. As you enter the specific factors of each entropy calculation, the Entropy Calculator will automatically calculate the results and update the Physics formula elements with each element of the entropy calculation. Please note that the formula for each calculation along with detailed calculations are available below. Molar specific heat at constant pressure ( C P) J/mol∙K Molar specific heat at constant volume ( C V) J/mol∙K Heat exchanged during the process ( ΔQ) J ∆S = C P × ln T 2 / T 1 - R × ln P 2 / P 1 ∆S = C V × ln T 2 / T 1 + R × ln V 2 / V 1Ĭhange in entropy in terms of P, T and C P calculation ∆S 2 = Universe calculation∆S universe = ∆S 1 + ∆S 2Ĭhange in entropy in terms of V, T and C V calculation ∆S 1 = Cold object calculation∆S 2 = ∆Q / T 2 The change in the entropy of a thermodynamic system in terms of pressure, temperature and molar specific heat at constant pressure J/KĬhange in entropy of system in terms of heat and temperature calculations The change in the entropy of a thermodynamic system in terms of volume, temperature and molar specific heat at constant volume J/K Entropy Calculator Results (detailed calculations and formula below) The change in the entropy of a thermodynamic system in terms of heat exchanged and temperature of system is:
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